Numeric ABS ACOS ASIN ATAN ATAN2 BITAND CEIL COS COSH functions

1)ABS
The ABS function takes any numeric datatype or any nonnumeric datatype (that can be implicitly converted to a numeric datatype) as an argument and return the absolute value of the datatype.

It takes only single value as argument.

Syntax:ABS(n)
Example:
SQL>Select ABS(-100) FROM DUAL;
ABS(-100)
----------
100

2)ACOS
We all know that cos60 degree=.5 and 180 degree=pi redian=3.1416 (approx). ACOS returns the arc cosine of n. n must be in the range of -1 to 1 as we know the value of cosine can very between +1 to -1. Here ACOS function returns a value in the range of 0 to pi, expressed in radians.

Example:
Here result will appear in redians (by default)
SQL> select acos(.5) from dual;
ACOS(.5)
----------
1.04719755

To get result in degree, (180 degree= pi redian)
SQL> select acos(.5)*180/3.1416 from dual;
ACOS(.5)*180/3.1416
-------------------
59.9998597


3)ASIN
ASIN returns the arc sine of n. It behaves just like ACOS. The argument n must be in the range of -1 to 1, and ASIN returns a value in the range of -pi/2 to pi/2, expressed in radians.
Example:
To get arc sine value of .5 in radians,
SQL> SELECT ASIN(.5) FROM DUAL;
ASIN(.5)
----------
.523598776

To get arc sine value of .5 in degrees,

SQL> SELECT ASIN(.5)*180/3.1416 FROM DUAL;
ASIN(.5)*180/3.1416
-------------------
29.9999298

4)ATAN:
ATAN returns the arc tangent of n. It behaves just like ASIN, ACOS. The argument passed to this function can be in an unbounded range and returns a value in the range of -pi/2 to pi/2, expressed in radians.

To get arc tangent of 1 in radians,
SQL> SELECT ATAN(1) FROM DUAL;
ATAN(1)
----------
.785398163
To get arc tangent of value .5 in degrees,
SQL> SELECT ATAN(1) *180/3.1416 FROM DUAL;
ATAN(1)*180/3.1416
------------------
44.9998948

5)ATAN2:
This functions takes two arguments and return arc tangent of two arguments. The argument can be passed as ATAN2(n1,n2) or ATAN2(n1/n2) and both are same. The argument n1 can be in an unbounded range and this function returns a value in the range of -pi to pi, depending on the signs of n1 and n2, expressed in radians.

Example:
SQL> SELECT ATAN2(.2,.1) FROM DUAL;
ATAN2(.2,.1)
------------
1.10714872

6)BITAND: BITAND function take two integer arguments and do an AND operation between them. Suppose if we want AND operation between 10 and 7 then it AND bit by bit which is
1010(10) and
0111(7) and result is

0010 (2)
SQL> SELECT BITAND(10,7) FROM DUAL;
BITAND(10,7)
------------
2

For 1(001) and 7(111) the result is 1 (001)
SQL> SELECT BITAND(1,7) FROM DUAL;
BITAND(1,7)
-----------
1

7)CEIL
CEIL returns smallest integer greater than or equal to the argument passed in it.
SQL> SELECT CEIL(1.8) FROM DUAL;
CEIL(1.8)
----------
2

SQL> SELECT CEIL(1.2) FROM DUAL;
CEIL(1.2)
----------
2
Since the smallest greater integer than 1.2 is 2.
SQL> SELECT CEIL(1.00) FROM DUAL;
CEIL(1.00)
----------
1


8)COS
The function COS takes single argument in radians in return consine of the value.
To get consine value of 60 degree,
SQL> SELECT COS(60*3.14159265359/180) FROM DUAL;
COS(60*3.14159265359/180)
-------------------------
.5

9)COSH
The COSH function takes a single numeric argument and returns the hyperbolic cosine of that value.
SQL> SELECT COSH(2) from dual;
COSH(2)
----------
3.76219569

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List of Single row functions in Oracle

Database Startup fails with error ORA-16038,ORA-19809, ORA-00312

Error Description:
Whenever you try to startup the database it fails with error ORA-16038,ORA-19809, ORA-00312.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 167772160 bytes
Fixed Size 2019288 bytes
Variable Size 117440552 bytes
Database Buffers 41943040 bytes
Redo Buffers 6369280 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-16038: log 3 sequence# 572 cannot be archived
ORA-19809: limit exceeded for recovery files
ORA-00312: online log 3 thread 1: '/oradata2/data1/dbase/redo03.log'

Or in mount stage whenever you try to open the database it fails with error ORA-16014, ORA-00312.
SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-16014: log 3 sequence# 572 not archived, no available destinations
ORA-00312: online log 3 thread 1: '/oradata2/data1/dbase/redo03.log'

Cause of The Problem:
----------------------------------------
There was an attempt to archived the online log 3 but it could not archive the online log in the available archived log destination. The most common of happening the error is the archive log destination if full. You have flash recovery area configured and rman retention policy is failed to delete any archived or incremental backups and so can't archived new online log.

Solution of The Problem:
-------------------------------------------
Solution A:(Enough space on the drive)
1)One more check the alert log. (Not needed though)
An extra check you can do in alert log which is in background_dump_dest/alert_$ORACLE_SID.log
SQL> show parameter background_dump_dest

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
background_dump_dest string /oracle/app/oracle/product/10.
2.0/db_1/admin/dbase/bdump
$less /oracle/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/admin/dbase/bdump/alert_dbase.log
You may see the same entry is in the alert log.

2)Check the archive destination.
SQL> archive log list
Database log mode Archive Mode
Automatic archival Enabled
Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence 572
Next log sequence to archive 572
Current log sequence 580

So archived log destination is DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST. You can see the exact destination in OS by,
SQL> show parameter db_recover

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_recovery_file_dest string /oradata2/flash_recovery_area
db_recovery_file_dest_size big integer 10G

3)Increase the value of db_recovery_file_dest_size
As archive destination is full so increase the size.
SQL> alter system set db_recovery_file_dest_size=20G;
System altered.

4)Open the database now.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.

Solution B: Have not enough space on the drive
If you have not enough space in your disk and you have recent backup of your database and archive log is not needed then you can issue
$rman target /
RMAN>DELETE ARCHIVELOG UNTIL TIME 'SYSDATE-2';

Solution C: Have not any backup
If you have not any recent backup then backup database to another location and delete archivelogs.

To do this,
$rman target /
RMAN>backup format '/oradata2/%U' archivelog all delete input database;

Solution D: Have recent backup and only need archivelog

In this case backup the archive log to another location and delete archive log from flash recovery area.
You can do this by,

$rman target /
RMAN> backup format '/oradata2/%U' archivelog all delete input;

List of Object Reference and Model functions

List of Object Reference Functions
DEREF
MAKE_REF
REF
REFTOHEX
VALUE

List of Model Functions
CV
ITERATION_NUMBER
PRESENTNNV
PRESENTV
PREVIOUS

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List of Analytic functions in oracle

Here is the list of analytic functions in oracle as of available till 10.2g.
AVG
CORR
COVAR_POP
COVAR_SAMP
COUNT
CUME_DIST
DENSE_RANK
FIRST
FIRST_VALUE
LAG
LAST
LAST_VALUE
LEAD
MAX
MIN
NTILE
PERCENT_RANK
PERCENTILE_CONT
PERCENTILE_DISC
RANK
RATIO_TO_REPORT
REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
ROW_NUMBER
STDDEV
STDDEV_POP
STDDEV_SAMP
SUM
VAR_POP
VAR_SAMP
VARIANCE

List of Aggregate functions in Oracle

Here is the list of aggregate functions in oracle as of available since oracle 10.2g.
AVG
COLLECT
CORR
CORR_S
CORR_K
COUNT
COVAR_POP
COVAR_SAMP
CUME_DIST
DENSE_RANK
FIRST
GROUP_ID
GROUPING
GROUPING_ID
LAST
MAX
MEDIAN
MIN
PERCENTILE_CONT
PERCENTILE_DISC
PERCENT_RANK
RANK
REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST
STATS_CROSSTAB
STATS_F_TEST
STATS_KS_TEST
STATS_MODE
STATS_MW_TEST
STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA
STATS_T_TEST_ONE
STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
STATS_T_TEST_INDEP
STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
STATS_WSR_TEST
STDDEV
STDDEV_POP
STDDEV_SAMP
SUM
VAR_POP
VAR_SAMP
VARIANCE

List of Single row functions in Oracle

A)Numeric Functions
ABS
ACOS
ASIN
ATAN
ATAN2
BITAND
CEIL
COS
COSH
EXP
FLOOR
LN
LOG
MOD
NANVL
POWER
REMAINDER
ROUND (number)
SIGN
SIN
SINH
SQRT
TAN
TANH
TRUNC (number)
WIDTH_BUCKET

B)Character Functions that return Character Values
CHR
CONCAT
INITCAP
LOWER
LPAD
LTRIM
NLS_INITCAP
NLS_LOWER
NLSSORT
NLS_UPPER
REGEXP_REPLACE
REGEXP_SUBSTR
REPLACE
RPAD
RTRIM
SOUNDEX
SUBSTR
TRANSLATE
TREAT
TRIM
UPPER

C)NLS Character Function that return information about character set
NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN
NLS_CHARSET_ID
NLS_CHARSET_NAME

D)Character Functions that return Number Value
ASCII
INSTR
LENGTH
REGEXP_INSTR

E)Datetime Functions
ADD_MONTHS
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
DBTIMEZONE
EXTRACT (datetime)
FROM_TZ
LAST_DAY
LOCALTIMESTAMP
MONTHS_BETWEEN
NEW_TIME
NEXT_DAY
NUMTODSINTERVAL
NUMTOYMINTERVAL
ROUND (date)
SESSIONTIMEZONE
SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
SYSDATE
SYSTIMESTAMP
TO_CHAR (datetime)
TO_TIMESTAMP
TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
TO_DSINTERVAL
TO_YMINTERVAL
TRUNC (date)
TZ_OFFSET

F)General Comparison Functions
GREATEST
LEAST

G)Conversion Functions
ASCIISTR
BIN_TO_NUM
CAST
CHARTOROWID
COMPOSE
CONVERT
DECOMPOSE
HEXTORAW
NUMTODSINTERVAL
NUMTOYMINTERVAL
RAWTOHEX
RAWTONHEX
ROWIDTOCHAR
ROWIDTONCHAR
SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN
TO_BINARY_DOUBLE
TO_BINARY_FLOAT
TO_CHAR (character)
TO_CHAR (datetime)
TO_CHAR (number)
TO_CLOB
TO_DATE
TO_DSINTERVAL
TO_LOB
TO_MULTI_BYTE
TO_NCHAR (character)
TO_NCHAR (datetime)
TO_NCHAR (number)
TO_NCLOB
TO_NUMBER
TO_DSINTERVAL
TO_SINGLE_BYTE
TO_TIMESTAMP
TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
TO_YMINTERVAL
TO_YMINTERVAL
TRANSLATE ... USING
UNISTR

H)Large Object Functions
BFILENAME
EMPTY_BLOB
EMPTY_CLOB

I)Collection Functions
CARDINALITY
COLLECT
POWERMULTISET
POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY
SET

J)Hierarchical Function
SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH

K)Data Mining Functions
CLUSTER_ID
CLUSTER_PROBABILITY
CLUSTER_SET
FEATURE_ID
FEATURE_SET
FEATURE_VALUE
PREDICTION
PREDICTION_COST
PREDICTION_DETAILS
PREDICTION_PROBABILITY
PREDICTION_SET

L)XML Functions
APPENDCHILDXML
DELETEXML
DEPTH
EXTRACT (XML)
EXISTSNODE
EXTRACTVALUE
INSERTCHILDXML
INSERTXMLBEFORE
PATH
SYS_DBURIGEN
SYS_XMLAGG
SYS_XMLGEN
UPDATEXML
XMLAGG
XMLCDATA
XMLCOLATTVAL
XMLCOMMENT
XMLCONCAT
XMLFOREST
XMLPARSE
XMLPI
XMLQUERY
XMLROOT
XMLSEQUENCE
XMLSERIALIZE
XMLTABLE
XMLTRANSFORM

M)Encoding and Decoding Functions
DECODE
DUMP
ORA_HASH
VSIZE

N)NULL-Related Functions
COALESCE
LNNVL
NULLIF
NVL
NVL2

O)Environment and Identifier Functions
SYS_CONTEXT
SYS_GUID
SYS_TYPEID
UID
USER
USERENV

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Internet Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts

1)F1: Display Internet Explorer help context.

2)F11: Switch between full screen view and other view of Internet Explorer. The limitation is Tabbed browser does not support of full screen mode of Microsoft internet explorer. So to see full screen mode of IE turn off tabbed browsing.

3)TAB: Move forward through the links of a web page.

4)SHIFT+TAB: Move backward through the links of a web page as well as through the address bar and link box.

5)ALT+HOME: Load the Internet Explorer Home page.

6)ALT+RIGHT ARROW: Load the next page in the current active internet explorer window.

7)ALT+LEFT ARROW or BACKSPACE: Load the previous page in the current active internet explorer window.

8)CTRL+TAB or F6: Move forward between frames if there exists multiple frame in a page.

9)SHIFT+CTRL+TAB: Move backward between multiple frames.

10)UP ARROW: Scroll towards the beginning of a page if page document span between pages.

11)DOWN ARROW: Scroll towards the end of a page if page document span between pages.

12)PAGE DOWN: Scroll toward the end of a page by one page.

13)PAGE UP: Scroll toward the begin of a page by one page.

14)HOME: Move page look to the beginning of the document.

15)END: Move page look to the end of the document.

16)CTRL+F: Search for any given keyword inside current page.

17)F5 or CTRL+R: Reload the current page.

18)CTRL+F5: Reload the current page from server even if it is found in the local cache.

19)ESC: Escape any pop-up window or stop downloading.

20)CTRL+O or CTRL+L: A new pop-up window will appear in which you can give a new address to load in the current window.

21)CTRL+N: Open a new internet explorer window.

22)CTRL+W: Close the current internet explorer window.

23)CTRL+S: Save the current webpage.

24)CTRL+P: Print the current page or active frame.

25)CTRL+E: Open the web search box. Suppose google search engine box.

26)CTRL+I: Open the Favorites box.

27)CTRL+M: Open the History box.

28)ENTER: Activate a selected link.

29)CTRL+click: In the History or Favorites boxes, open multiple folders.
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Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts

You can get windows explorer whenever you press Window Key+E combination. Windows explorer helps to browse the contents of the hard disk.
These shortcut are applied to windows explorer only. However it can match in other scenario.

1)END: Display the last item of the active window.

2)HOME: Display the first of the active window.

3)NUM LOCK+ASTERISK(*): This asterisk is only from num lock. If you press * on windows exploere it displays all subfolders under the selected folder.

4)NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+): Expand the contents of the selected folder in the windows explorer.

5)NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-): Collapse the selected folder.

6)LEFT ARROW: Collapse current selection if it's expanded, if not then select parent folder.

7)RIGHT ARROW: Display current selection if it's collapsed, if not then select first subfolder.

Related Documents:
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General Windows keyboard Shortcut.
Dialog Box and Accessibility Keyboard Shortcut

Dialog box and Accessibility Keyboard Shortcut for Windows

Dialog box keyboard shortcuts
1)CTRL+TAB: Move forward through tabs. Suppose on a desktop Press CTRL+TAB several times and you get get access between tabs and then using arrow key you can access an item.

2)CTRL+SHIFT+TAB: Move backward through tabs. Just as CTRL+TAB but works in opposite direction.

3)TAB: Move forward through options.

4)SHIFT+TAB: Move backward through options. Works just as TAB in opposite direction.

5)ALT+Underlined letter: You simply press enter and notice the menu bar or address bar. A keyword will be underlined. Press the underlined keyword while press ALT will go to that item. Suppose in windows explorer press ALT+F will access file menu.

6)ENTER: Active action will be performed.

7)SPACEBAR: Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box.

8)Arrow keys: Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons.

9)F1: Pressing this function key will display Help.

10)F4: Return you to the address bar and display the available items.

11)BACKSPACE: Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box.


Accessibility keyboard shortcuts
1)Holding Right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Remember right shift key and for eight seconds. Pressing for eight seconds will display a prompt for Switch FilterKeys on and off. Filterkeys on causes windows to ignore brife and repeated keystrokes and slows down the keyboard repeat rates. To on it after holding right shift key for 8 seconds in the pop up window click ok/ press enter.

2)Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN: Will prompt you to Switch High Contrast on and off.

3)Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK: Will prompt you to Switch MouseKeys on and off.

4)Pressing SHIFT key five times: Will prompt you to Switch StickyKeys on and off.

5)Pressing NUM LOCK for five seconds: Press numlock for 5 seconds is to Switch ToggleKeys on and off. Togglekeys causes a tone to sound whenever you press CAPS LOCK, NUM LOCK and SCROLL LOCK.

You can get all these accessibility access by clicking Start Menu> Click Control Panel> Select Accessibility Options.

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Types of SQL function in Oracle

Oracle functions may be two types SQL functions and user defined functions. SQL functions are built into oracle database. And user defined functions are created by user.
Based the task performed by oracle functions we can classify oracle functions in the following.

A)Single-Row Functions: Single row functions return just one row for every row of a queried table or view. A detail explanation of single row function is found in

B)Aggregate Functions: Aggregate function returns a single row based on a set of rows. A common use of aggregate function is with the GROUP BY clause in a SELECT statement. A detail explanation of aggregate function is found in

C)Analytic Functions: Analytic functions compute an aggregate value based on a group of rows. The difference of analytic function from aggregate functions in that they return multiple rows for each group. A detail explanation of analytic function is found in

D)Object Reference Functions: Object reference functions manipulate REF values, which are references to objects of specified object types. A detail explanation of object reference function is found in

E)Model Functions: Model functions can be used only in the model_clause of the SELECT statement. A details explanation of model functions are discussed in

F)User Defined Functions:

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Concatenation Operator in Oracle

•The concatenation operator concatenates operands.

•This operator is expressed by (double vertical lines) ||.

•This operator operates on character strings and CLOB datatype.

•This operator behaves as following way,

If both operands are of datatype CHAR, the result holds CHAR datatype and is limited to 2000 characters. If either string has datatype VARCHAR2, the result holds datatype VARCHAR2 and is limited to 4000 characters. If either operand is has datatype CLOB, the result become temporary CLOB.

•Trailing or leading blanks are preserved by this operator. Example:
SQL> select ' ' || 'test' from dual;
''||'TEST'
-----------------
test

SQL> select length(' ' || 'test ') from dual;
LENGTH(''||'TEST')
------------------
18

•Instead of || the CONCAT function also be used for concatenation.

Example:
-----------------
SQL> create table test_concat(col1 varchar2(10), col2 varchar2(30));
Table created.

SQL> insert into test_concat values('Arju ','Bangladesh India Usa');
1 row created.

SQL> select concat(col1,col2) from test_concat;
CONCAT(COL1,COL2)
----------------------------------------
Arju Bangladesh India Usa

SQL> select col1||col2 from test_concat;
COL1||COL2
----------------------------------------
Arju Bangladesh India Usa

SQL> select col1||'-'||'Three Countries: '||col2 from test_concat;
COL1||'-'||'THREECOUNTRIES:'||COL2
----------------------------------------------------------
Arju -Three Countries: Bangladesh India Usa

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Types of Operator in Oracle

Arithmatic Operators in Oracle

Arithmetic operators in oracle can be used to add, subtract, multiply, divide and negate numeric values. The + and - arithmetic operators can also be used in datetime and interval arithmetics.

Based on the function we can divide the arithmetic operators in the following types.

1)Unary + and - Operator:
-----------------------------------------------
•When + or - denote positive or negative expression then they are called unary operators.

•To represent positive or negative expression the + an - operator appear just before operand.

•Example of unary operator:

Select col1 from table1 where col1>-1;

Select col1 from table1 where -col1>1;

Here - operator used as unary operator.

2)Binary + and - Operator:
---------------------------------------------
•When + and - are used to add or subtract operands then they are called binary operators.

•They appear between operands.

•Example of binary operator:

Select col1 from table1 where col1+col2>10;

3)Binary * and / Operator:
------------------------------------------------
•The * operator is used to multiply operands and / is used for divide.

•Both are binary operators.

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Types of Operator in Oracle

Types of Operators in Oracle

In oracle an operator manipulates data items and return a result after manipulation. The data items on which it operates are called operands. Based on the operator function it can be divided into following types.

1)User-Defined Operators: Discussed in

2)Arithmetic Operators: Discussed in Arithmatic Operators

3)Concatenation Operator: Discussed in Concatenation Operator.

4)Hierarchical Query Operators: Discussed in

5)Set Operators: Discussed in

6)Multiset Operators: Discussed in

An operator can appear before an operand, after an operand or between operands.

How to Setup Desktop Icon Transparent

In order for best performance as if you did setup according to Set Up windows Machine for best Performance you may found that your desktop icons are shadowed for icon labels. This may give you pain to look at the desktop items and you want to remove the shadow around the desktop items.

To drop shadows for icon labels on desktop follow the following steps:

Right Click on My Computer> Click on Advanced Tab> Under Performance Visual effects ....Click on Settings> Under the Visual Effect tab Click the radio button Custom> Scroll down and check the box Use Drop shadows for icon labels on the desktop> Then click Apply.

At this point you will no longer see shadow around the desktop icons.

You can follow in another way,

Click Start Menu> Select Control Panel> Click System> Click on Advanced Tab> Under Performance Visual effects ....Click on Settings> Under the Visual Effect tab Click the radio button Custom> Scroll down and check the box Use Drop shadows for icon labels on the desktop> Then click Apply.

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How to setup Windows machine for best performance

How to Setup Windows Machine For Best Performance

Your windows XP machine is running slow and you also have low resources on your system. Like you have not much RAM and you have low processing CPU. In that case in order to get best performance with your current configuration you can do the following settings.

Right Click on My Computer> Click on Advanced Tab> Under Performance Visual effects ....Click on Settings> Under the Visual Effect tab Click the radio button Adjust for best Performance> Then Click Apply.

It may take some moments and after that you may find your system faster than before.

You can also do the same task from control panel. Like,

Click Start Menu> Select Control Panel> Click System> Click on Advanced Tab> Under Performance Visual effects ....Click on Settings> Under the Visual Effect tab Click the radio button Adjust for best Performance> Then Click Apply.

Natural Windows Keyboard Shortcut

In general keyboard has the Windows logo key (resides generally on left side CTRL key) and the Application key (besides the left side of the right sided ctrl key).
With these two keys there are several keyboard shortcut which you can use to communicate with your system. Here is the lists of the natural keys that windows support.

1)Only Windows Key: Display or hide the Start menu.

2)Window Key+BREAK: Display the System Properties dialog box.

3)Window Key+D: Show just the desktop minimizing other application.

4)Window Key+M: Minimize all windows.

5)Window Key+Shift+M: Restores minimized windows.

6)Window Key+E: Open My Computer with explorer option.

7)Window Key+F: Search for a file or folder.

8)CTRL+Window Key+F: Search for computers whenever you are in network LAN.

9)Window Key+F1: Display Windows Help.

10)Window Key+ L: Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain.

11)Window Key+R: Open the Run dialog box.

12)Application Key: Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. This key is on the left side of the right hand ctrl key.

13)Window Key +U: Open Utility Manager.

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General Windows Keyboard Shortcuts

We all are too familiar to use mouse specially those who work on windows machine. Along with mouse there are some kyboard shortcuts which are very handy to use. I list here general keyboard shortcuts with their works.

1)CTRL+C: To copy a text, file, folder, image, video etc.

2)CTRL+X: To cut a text, file, folder, image, video etc.

3)CTRL+V: To paste a text, file, folder, image, video etc.

4)CTRL+Z: Undo the previous act. Like undo copy or delete.

5)DELETE: To delete a text, file, folder, image, video etc.

6)SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. By default after delete an item it resides in recyclebin.

7)CTRL while dragging an item: Copy selected item.

8)CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item: Create shortcut to selected item.

9)F2: Rename selected item. Press an item and then press F2 key.

10)CTRL+RIGHT ARROW: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. Helpful for editing quickly to pass over a word.

11)CTRL+LEFT ARROW: Move the cursor insertion point to the beginning of the previous word.

12)CTRL+DOWN ARROW: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. Helpful for quick editing through a file.

13)CTRL+UP ARROW: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. Helpful for quick editing through a file.

14)CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys: Highlight a block of text. Press both CTRL and SHIFT key and then press any movement key helps to select a block of text which is helpful for editing.

15)SHIFT with any of the arrow keys: Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document.

16)CTRL+A: Select all texts if your cursor is within a file and if you are within a windows select all files and folders within that window.

17)F3: Search for a file or folder. Actually search prompt is invoked.
18)ALT+ENTER: View properties for the selected item.

19)ALT+F4: Close the active item, or quit the active program.

20)ALT+ENTER: View the properties of the selected object.

21)ALT+SPACEBAR: Opens the shortcut menu for the active window.

22)CTRL+F4: Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously.

23)ALT+TAB: Switch between open items.

24)ALT+ESC: Cycle through items in the order they were opened.

25)F6: Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop.

26)F4: Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer.

27)SHIFT+F10: Display the shortcut menu for the selected item.

28)ALT+SPACEBAR: Display the System menu for the active window.

29)CTRL+ESC: Display the Start menu.

30)ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name: Display the corresponding menu.

31)Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu: Carry out the corresponding command.

32)F10: This functional key activate the menu bar in the active program.

33)RIGHT ARROW: Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. If you are in window then scroll to next item. If you are in file then to go next item/letter.

34)LEFT ARROW: Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu.

35)F5: Refresh the active window. This is the active windows is loaded again.

36)BACKSPACE: View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer.

37)ESC: Cancel the current task or used to close a pop-up.

38)SHIFT: when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.

39)CTRL+ALT+DEL: Open task manager window.

40)CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Open task manager window.
Related Documents:
------------------------------------
How to Use Special Characters in Windows
Natural Windows Keyboard Shortcut
Dialog Box and Accessibility Keyboard Shortcut
Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcut

The security certificate has expired or is not yet valid.

Error Description:
-----------------------------
On windows machine whenever you try to browse any webpage a pop-up window arises to you and with the warning/ Security Alert tab it display a alert message "The security certificate has expired or is not yet valid."

This is very annoying as every time you try to browse a window a new pop up comes indicating "Do you want to proceed?" having three options.
1)Yes
2)No
3)View Certificate

If you click yes page will go forward.
If you click no it just stops.
If you click view certificate then a new looks appear about the certificate.

How to solve the Error:
----------------------------------------------
1)Check the OS date settings:
-----------------------------------------------------
Whenever the security alert comes click on the view certificate and see the certificate valid date and check whether the valid date match with you system date. If not match then change your system date as of range of security valid date. And browse the page. Hopefully no more alert will come as long as you are within the certificate valid date.

If the system date and certification valid date match then you can try to install certificate.

Alternative Solution: In EE disable Error Message to display
-----------------------------------------------
You can ignore the certificate valid error message. To ignore it ,
Left click on Tools bar in Internet Explorer > Select Internet Options > Go to Advenced Tab> Scroll down to Security Settings > And uncheck the Warn About Invalid Site Certificate Box >Then click Apply.

Now browse your webpage. Hope you will no longer get the error message "The security certificate has expired or is not yet valid." in a pop-up window.

Related Documents:
---------------------------
Task Manager has been disabled by your administrator

ROWNUM Pseudocolumn in Oracle

Oracle selects a row from a table and ROWNUM returns a number indicating the order in which Oracle selects the row from a table. Thus the first row returned by a query has ROWNUM value 1, second row returned by the query has a ROWNUM value 2 and so on.

Use of ROWNUM is particularly useful whenever we want to see some rows from a big table. For example in a table there is 10000 row and we want to see the sample of 10 rows. In this case we can use rownum as ,

SELECT * FROM T WHERE ROWNUM<=10;

One thing we need to remember that ROWNUM does not ensure any order of the row. To return a row in an order you must have to use order by keyword. The following example will make you clear.

SQL> create table rownum_test( a number);
Table created.

SQL> insert into rownum_test values(1);
1 row created.

SQL> insert into rownum_test values(2);
1 row created.

SQL> insert into rownum_test values(3);
1 row created.

SQL> select a, rownum from rownum_test ;
A ROWNUM
---------- ----------
1 1
2 2
3 3


SQL> delete from rownum_test where A=2;
1 row deleted.

SQL> insert into rownum_test values(4);
1 row created.

SQL> select a, rownum from rownum_test ;
A ROWNUM
---------- ----------
1 1
3 2
4 3

SQL> insert into rownum_test values(2);
1 row created.

SQL> select a, rownum from rownum_test ;
A ROWNUM
---------- ----------
1 1
3 2
4 3
2 4

To use rownum and return top 4 roes in a ascending order use it as,
SQL> select * from (select * from rownum_test order by a) where rownum<=4;

A
----------
1
2
3
4

Always remember conditions testing for ROWNUM values greater than a positive integer are always false. For example, this query returns no rows,

SQL> select * from rownum_test where rownum>1;
no rows selected

This is because the first row fetched is assigned a ROWNUM of 1 and makes the condition false as 1is not grater than 1. The second row to be fetched is now the first row and is also assigned a ROWNUM of 1 and again makes the condition false. Thus all rows subsequently fail to satisfy the condition, so no rows are returned.

Related Documents:
----------------------------
Pseudocolumns in Oracle

Can I get an idea when a row is created (ORA_ROWSCN Pseudocolumn)

To know the exact time of when a row is inserted or updated or deleted you have to use audit system or use logminer utility. But to use these two tool you have to configure your environment previously. However if you don't enable either audit option or supplemental logging (which is required for analysis in logminer) you can still get a rough idea about a row in a table about when it is modified/inserted more precisely the most recent change of a row.

This is possible by using ORA_ROWSCN psedocolumn.

•ORA_ROWSCN returns the conservative upper bound system change number (SCN) of the most recent change for each row.

•The resultant value of ORA_ROWSCN is not absolutely precise, because Oracle tracks SCNs by transaction committed for the block in which the row resides.

•But a better result of the row chaging time of a table can by found by creating tables with row-level dependency tracking. This is done by CREATE TABLE ... ROWDEPENDENCIES statement. If you create your table with this statement then you can get more precise result.

•ORA_ROWSCN can't be used while querying view.

•It is not supported for external tables and also not supported for Flashback Query..

Example:
----------------
The get a rough idea of the rows of table a when the rows were created as well as SCN query as,
SQL> select scn_to_timestamp(ORA_ROWSCN), ORA_ROWSCN , a from a;

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(ORA_ROWSCN) ORA_ROWSCN A
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----------
09-JUL-08 06.53.59.000000000 AM 9020925 5
13-JUL-08 06.40.33.000000000 AM 9791113 1
13-JUL-08 06.40.33.000000000 AM 9791113 9

Related Documents:
-----------------------------
Pseudocolumns in Oracle